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Orthogonal arrays are balanced table designed for experimental planning that allows for efficient experimentation with multiple factor combinations.

An orthogonal array is a tabular tool used in experimental design (particularly the Taguchi method) to efficiently organize and implement combinations of multiple factors (variables) and their levels. Each column represents a different factor, and each row represents a specific combination of levels for that factor (i.e., experimental conditions). The array is designed to enable a balanced evaluation of the effects between factors. This enables a rational experimental design that allows for the analysis of the main effects of factors with fewer experiments compared to a full-scale experiment that tests all combinations. There are various types of orthogonal arrays, and they are selected based on the number of factors and levels.